What is the difference between innate and adaptive defences

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Genome Biol Evol. Characterization of a divergent non-classical MHC class I gene in sharks. The major histocompatibility class I locus in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. Innate immunity Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. These mechanisms include physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in the blood, and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body. When this happens, autoimmune diseases can develop e.

The hallmark of the adaptive immune system is clonal expansion of lymphocytes. Clonal expansion is the rapid increase of T and B lymphocytes from one or a few cells to millions. Each clone that originates from the original T or B lymphocyte has the same antigen receptor as the original and fights the same pathogen.

While the innate immune response is immediate, the adaptive immune response is not. However, the effect of the adaptive immune response is long-lasting, highly specific, and is sustained long-term by memory T cells. Natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils.

Tell us what you think about Healio. Figure 1, 2; Table 1. Innate immunity also called natural or native immunity provides the early line of defense against microbes. It consists of cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms that are in place even before infection and are poised to respond rapidly to infections. The mechanisms of innate immunity are specific for structures that are common to groups of related microbes and may not distinguish fine differences between microbes.

The principal components of innate immunity are: 1 Physical and chemical barriers, such as epithelia and antimicrobial chemicals produced at epithelial surfaces; 2 Phagocytic cells neutrophils, macrophages , dendritic cells, and natural killer NK cells and other innate lymphoid cells; 3 Blood proteins, including members of the complement system and other mediators of inflammation.

Adaptive immunity also called specific or acquired immunity system recognizes and reacts to a large number of microbial and nonmicrobial substances. The defining characteristics of adaptive immunity are the ability to distinguish different substances, called specificity, and the ability to respond more vigorously to repeated exposures to the same microbe, known as memory. The unique components of adaptive immunity are cells called lymphocytes and their secreted products, such as antibodies.

Foreign substances that induce specific immune responses or are recognized by lymphocytes or antibodies are called antigens. Figure 1. Just as resistance to disease can be innate inborn or acquired, the mechanisms mediating it can be correspondingly divided into innate left and adaptive right , each composed of both cellular lower half and humoral elements i.

Adaptive mechanisms, more recently evolved, perform many of their functions by interacting with the older innate ones. Innate immunity is activated when cells use specialized sets of receptors Pattern recognition receptor, PRR to recognize different types of microorganisms bacteria, viruses, etc. Binding to these receptors activates a limited number of basic microbial disposal mechanisms, such as phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages and neutrophils, or the release of antiviral interferons.

Many of the mechanisms involved in innate immunity are largely the same as those responsible for non-specifically reacting to tissue damage, with the production of inflammation cover up the right-hand part of Figure 1 to appreciate this.

Adaptive mechanisms can function on their own against certain antigens cover up the left-hand part of Figure 1 , but the majority of their effects are exerted by means of the interaction of antibody with complement and the phagocytic cells of innate immunity, and of T cells with macrophages broken lines.